Where is staphylococcus epidermidis in environment

Costerton, J. Microbial biofilms. New methods for the detection of orthopedic and other biofilm infections. FEMS Immunol. Dapunt, U. Activation of phagocytic cells by Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms: effects of extracellular matrix proteins and the bacterial stress protein GroEL on netosis and MRP release. The osteoblast as an inflammatory cell: production of cytokines in response to bacteria and components of bacterial biofilms.

BMC Musculoskelet. Are atrophic long-bone nonunions associated with low-grade infections? Risk Manag. Darouiche, R. Treatment of infections associated with surgical implants. Del Pozo, J. The electricidal effect is active in an experimental model of Staphylococcus epidermidis chronic foreign body osteomyelitis. Agents Chemother. Blood , — Dhople, V. Delta-toxin, unlike melittin, has only hemolytic activity and no antimicrobial activity: rationalization of this specific biological activity.

Conformation and activity of delta-lysin and its analogs. Peptides 26, — Diekema, D. Dominguez-Bello, M. Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns.

Dong, Y. The role of Staphylococcus epidermidis in neonatal sepsis: guarding angel or pathogenic devil? Durantez, M. Tumor therapy in mice by using a tumor antigen linked to modulin peptides from Staphylococcus epidermidis. Vaccine 28, — Ekkelenkamp, M. Isolation and structural characterization of epilancin 15X, a novel lantibiotic from a clinical strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis. FEBS Lett.

Farina, N. Methicillin resistance and biofilm production of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates from infectious and normal flora conjunctiva. Ferreirinha, P. Poly-N-acetylglucosamine production by Staphylococcus epidermidis cells increases their in vivo proinflammatory effect. Foster, T. Immune evasion by staphylococci. Surface protein adhesins of Staphylococcus aureus.

Trend Microbiol. Fournier, B. The function of TLR2 during staphylococcal diseases. Franca, A. Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm-released cells induce a prompt and more marked in vivo inflammatory-type response than planktonic or biofilm cells.

Frank, D. The human nasal microbiota and Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Gilbert, L. Inhibition of osteoblast differentiation by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Endocrinology , — Gill, S.

Insights on evolution of virulence and resistance from the complete genome analysis of an early methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain and a biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strain. Gordon, Y. Human cathelicidin LL , a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by ocular surface epithelia and has potent antibacterial and antiviral activity.

Eye Res. Grice, E. Topographical and temporal diversity of the human skin microbiome. Science , — Gristina, A. Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Guenther, F. Phagocytosis of staphylococci biofilms by polymorphonuclear neutrophils: S. Organs 32, — Gutierrez-Murgas, Y.

IL plays an important role in the control of inflammation but not in the bacterial burden in S. Neuroinflammation Hajjar, A. Hamza, T. Differential responses of osteoblasts and macrophages upon Staphylococcus aureus infection. Hamzeh-Cognasse, H. Platelets and infections—complex interactions with bacteria. Harris, L. Hartford, O. Microbiology , — Hassan, M. Natural antimicrobial peptides from bacteria: characteristics and potential applications to fight against antibiotic resistance.

Hatakeyama, J. Oral Microbiol. Hazenbos, W. Novel staphylococcal glycosyltransferases SdgA and SdgB mediate immunogenicity and protection of virulence-associated cell wall proteins.

Heilmann, C. Staphylococcal Viruelnce Factors. New York, NY: Springer. Evidence for autolysin-mediated primary attachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis to a polystyrene surface. Molecular basis of intercellular adhesion in the biofilm-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis. Identification and characterization of a novel autolysin Aae with adhesive properties from Staphylococcus epidermidis.

Heim, C. IL promotes myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment and bacterial persistence during Staphylococcus aureus orthopedic implant infection. Hell, E. Human cathelicidin peptide LL37 inhibits both attachment capability and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hellmark, B.

Antibiotic susceptibility among Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from prosthetic joint infections with special focus on rifampicin and variability of the rpoB gene. Hirai, Y. Survival of bacteria under dry conditions; from a viewpoint of nosocomial infection. Hirschhausen, N. A novel staphylococcal internalization mechanism involves the major autolysin Atl and heat shock cognate protein Hsc70 as host cell receptor. Hogan, S. Current and future approaches to the prevention and treatment of staphylococcal medical device-related infections.

Holland, L. Mutation of tagO reveals an essential role for wall teichoic acids in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm development. Microbiology Pt 2 , — Huang, L. Ocular surface expression and in vitro activity of antimicrobial peptides.

Hussain, M. Teichoic acid enhances adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis to immobilized fibronectin. Isiklar, Z. Efficacy of antibiotics alone for orthopaedic device related infections. Iwase, T. Staphylococcus epidermidis Esp inhibits Staphylococcus aureus biofilm formation and nasal colonization. Nature , — Izano, E. Differential roles of poly-N-acetylglucosamine surface polysaccharide and extracellular DNA in Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.

Janek, D. High frequency and diversity of antimicrobial activities produced by nasal staphylococcus strains against bacterial competitors. Jensen, L. Specific antibodies to Staphylococcus aureus biofilm are present in serum from pigs with osteomyelitis. In vivo 29, — Jilka, R. Osteoblast programmed cell death apoptosis : modulation by growth factors and cytokines. Bone Miner. Jimenez, E. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile?

Johns, B. Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of small colony variants and their role in chronic infection. Insights 8, 15— Joo, H. Mechanisms of resistance to antimicrobial peptides in staphylococci. Biochim Biophys Acta 11 Pt B , — Kahl, B. Clinical significance and pathogenesis of staphylococcal small colony variants in persistent infections.

Khalil, H. Invasion of bone cells by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kim, J. Lipoproteins are an important bacterial component responsible for bone destruction through the induction of osteoclast differentiation and activation.

Kishimoto, T. Peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide synergistically enhance bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. Knobloch, J. RsbU-dependent regulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation is mediated via the alternative sigma factor sigmaB by repression of the negative regulator gene icaR.

Kobayashi, K. Kocianova, S. Key role of poly-gamma-DL-glutamic acid in immune evasion and virulence of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Invest , — Kong, K. Staphylococcus quorum sensing in biofilm formation and infection. Kretschmer, D. The virulence regulator Agr controls the staphylococcal capacity to activate human neutrophils via the formyl peptide receptor 2.

Innate Immun. Peptide length and folding state govern the capacity of staphylococcal beta-type phenol-soluble modulins to activate human formyl-peptide receptors 1 or 2. Kristian, S. Biofilm formation induces C3a release and protects Staphylococcus epidermidis from IgG and complement deposition and from neutrophil-dependent killing.

Kronforst, K. Laborel-Preneron, E. Lai, Y. Activation of TLR2 by a small molecule produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis increases antimicrobial defense against bacterial skin infections. Commensal bacteria regulate Toll-like receptor 3-dependent inflammation after skin injury. The human anionic antimicrobial peptide dermcidin induces proteolytic defence mechanisms in staphylococci.

Lam, H. Antibodies to PhnD inhibit staphylococcal biofilms. Lam, J. TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand.

Lambe, D. Foreign-body-associated experimental osteomyelitis induced with Bacteroides fragilis and Staphylococcus epidermidis in rabbits. Lankinen, P. Laure, B. Effect of hydroxyapatite coating and polymethylmethacrylate on stainless steel implant-site infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis in a sheep model. A 84, 92— Le, K. Quorum-sensing regulation in staphylococci-an overview. Lee, J. Effects of Staphylococcus epidermidis on osteoblast cell adhesion and viability on a Ti alloy surface in a microfluidic co-culture environment.

Acta Biomater. Li, D. Li, M. Gram-positive three-component antimicrobial peptide-sensing system. Los, R. A comparative analysis of phenotypic and genotypic methods for the determination of the biofilm-forming abilities of Staphylococcus epidermidis.

FEMS Microbiol. Lovati, A. Systemic and local administration of antimicrobial and cell therapies to prevent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis -induced femoral nonunions in a rat model.

Mediators Inflamm. Modeling staphylococcus epidermidis -induced non-unions: subclinical and clinical evidence in rats. Mack, D. Microbial interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms. The intercellular adhesin involved in biofilm accumulation of Staphylococcus epidermidis is a linear beta-1,6-linked glucosaminoglycan: purification and structural analysis.

Association of biofilm production of coagulase-negative staphylococci with expression of a specific polysaccharide intercellular adhesin. Biofilm formation in medical device-related infection. Organs 29, — Magrys, A. The role of programmed death ligand 1 pathway in persistent biomaterial-associated infections.

Majchrzak, K. Comparison of staphylococcal flora in denture plaque and the surface of the pharyngeal mucous membrane in kidney transplant recipients. Marmor, S. Multiplex antibody detection for noninvasive genus-level diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection. Mayberry-Carson, K. Effect of ciprofloxacin on experimental osteomyelitis in the rabbit tibia, induced with a mixed infection of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron.

Microbios 64, 49— Osteomyelitis experimentally induced with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Influence of a foreign-body implant. Relat Res. Meghji, S. Staphylococcus epidermidis produces a cell-associated proteinaceous fraction which causes bone resorption by a prostanoid-independent mechanism: relevance to the treatment of infected orthopaedic implants.

Megyeri, K. Induction of cytokine production by different Staphylococcal strains. Cytokine 19, — Mehlin, C. An inflammatory polypeptide complex from Staphylococcus epidermidis : isolation and characterization. Melzer, M. Is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus more virulent than methicillin-susceptible S. A comparative cohort study of British patients with nosocomial infection and bacteremia.

Mempel, M. Invasion of human keratinocytes by Staphylococcus aureus and intracellular bacterial persistence represent haemolysin-independent virulence mechanisms that are followed by features of necrotic and apoptotic keratinocyte cell death. Metsemakers, W. Infection after fracture fixation: current surgical and microbiological concepts.

Meyle, E. Immune defense against S. Organs 35, — Miragaia, M. Drug Resist. Montanaro, L. Scenery of Staphylococcus implant infections in orthopedics. Morath, S. Synthetic lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus is a potent stimulus of cytokine release. Morgenstern, M.

Antibiotic resistance of commensal staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci in an international cohort of surgeons: a prospective point-prevalence study. Staphylococcal orthopaedic device-related infections in older patients.

Injury 47, — Biofilm formation increases treatment failure in Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related osteomyelitis of the lower extremity in human patients. Moriarty, T. Orthopaedic device-related infection: current and future interventions for improved prevention and treatment.

Ducheyne Oxford: Elsevier , 75— Myrvik, Q. Effects of extracellular slime produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis on oxidative responses of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Naik, S. Commensal-dendritic-cell interaction specifies a unique protective skin immune signature. Nair, N. Amidase, a cell wall hydrolase, elicits protective immunity against Staphylococcus aureus and S.

Nair, S. Bacterially induced bone destruction: mechanisms and misconceptions. Natsuka, M. A polymer-type water-soluble peptidoglycan exhibited both Toll-like receptor 2- and NOD2-agonistic activities, resulting in synergistic activation of human monocytic cells.

N'Diaye, A. Nguyen, T. Host response to Staphylococcus epidermidis colonization and infections. Nilsdotter-Augustinsson, A. Staphylococcus aureus , but not Staphylococcus epidermidis , modulates the oxidative response and induces apoptosis in human neutrophils. APMIS , — Ommori, R. Selective induction of antimicrobial peptides from keratinocytes by staphylococcal bacteria. Osmon, D. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic joint infection: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

Otto, M. Bacterial evasion of antimicrobial peptides by biofilm formation. Phenol-soluble modulins. Paharik, A. The staphylococcal biofilm: adhesins, regulation, and host response. Spectrum 4. Park, B. Intranasal application of S. Park, K. Activity of tedizolid in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus experimental foreign body-associated osteomyelitis.

Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors selectively inhibit the expressions of human beta-defensins induced by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Patel, M. Anti-lipoteichoic acid monoclonal antibody pagibaximab studies for the prevention of staphylococcal bloodstream infections in preterm infants.

Expert Opin. Patzakis, M. Chronic posttraumatic osteomyelitis and infected nonunion of the tibia: current management concepts. Percoco, G. Antimicrobial peptides and pro-inflammatory cytokines are differentially regulated across epidermal layers following bacterial stimuli. Perks, W. Death receptor 3 promotes chemokine-directed leukocyte recruitment in acute resolving inflammation and is essential for pathological development of mesothelial fibrosis in chronic disease.

Peschel, A. Inactivation of the dlt operon in Staphylococcus aureus confers sensitivity to defensins, protegrins, and other antimicrobial peptides. Petty, W.

The influence of skeletal implants on incidence of infection. Experiments in a canine model. Pietrocola, G. Toll-like receptors TLRs in innate immune defense against Staphylococcus aureus. Organs 34, — Pinheiro, L. The bacteria prefer sweaty places, such as your armpits, but are also found on your back and in your nostrils. Together with other micro-organisms, they produce substances from sweat, bringing about the body odour associated with perspiration.

These bacteria , just like other Staphylococci cluster together like bunches of grapes. Staphylococcus epidermidis protects us from harmful bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus epidermidis is harmless but Staphylococcus aureus is anything but. The latter can cause serious intestinal problems. Fortunately, S. To do this, S. Conceived and designed the experiments: ML YL. Li CC. Analyzed the data: T. Luo GS CY. Wrote the paper: ML XD.

Browse Subject Areas? Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Abstract Background Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of nosocomial infections worldwide. Introduction Staphylococcus epidermidis is a commensal bacterium of human skin and the nasal and oral mucosa. Bacterial isolates a Clinical isolates. Antimicrobial resistance profiles Antibiograms of the isolates were generated using the disc diffusion method according to the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute CLSI.

Semiquantitative biofilm assay A semiquantitative biofilm assay was performed using well tissue culture plates based on the method described by Wang et al. Results Diversity of the STs in S. Download: PPT. Table 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Distribution of different genotypes of S. Association of the genotypes and infection types caused by clinical S. Table 2. Antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characterization of S.

Biofilm formation and the presence of related genes in S. Discussion In the present study, we found a high nasal colonization rate with S. Supporting Information. Figure S1. Figure S2. References 1. Infect Dis Clin North Am 73— View Article Google Scholar 2. Lancet Infect Dis 2: — View Article Google Scholar 3. J Bacteriol — View Article Google Scholar 4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother — View Article Google Scholar 5. J Infect Dis — View Article Google Scholar 6. Microb Drug Resist 83— View Article Google Scholar 7.

View Article Google Scholar 8. View Article Google Scholar 9. View Article Google Scholar Lancet — J Antimicrob Chemother 73— J Antimicrob Chemother 29— Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol — J Clin Microbiol — J Hosp Infect 19— J Med Microbiol — Nat Rev Microbiol 7: — J Antimicrob Chemother — J Hosp Infect 46— Epidemiol Infect 57— Characteristics related to antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation of widespread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis ST2 and ST23 lineages in Rio de Janeiro hospitals, Brazil.

Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 72 32— Mol Microbiol — Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 95— Maki H, Murakami K Formation of potent hybrid promoters of the mutant llm gene by IS transposition in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

PLoS One 4: e